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Biomonitoraggio di elementi in traccia nei corsi d'acqua mediante trapianti di briofite Trace element biomonitoring in water-courses by the use of transplanted bryophytes
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Introduzione - Introduction
La Direttiva europea 2000/60, recepita in Italia con il Decreto legge 152/2006, pur suggerendo di considerare i dati sulla persistenza ed il bioaccumulo delle sostanze pericolose nel derivare il valore finale dello standard di qualità ambientale, non annovera fra gli indici biologici (macroinvertebrati bentonici, fitoplancton, macrofite e fitobentos, fauna ittica) alcun metodo specificamente basato sui bioaccumulatori, sebbene questo sia l’approccio migliore per il monitoraggio degli elementi in traccia, le cui concentrazioni spesso presentano problemi di rilevabilità strumentale oppure cambiano repentinamente nel tempo e nello spazio.
Il nostro progetto si prefigge di fornire alla comunità scientifica italiana, agli amministratori della risorsa idrica ed agli enti di protezione ambientale delle linee guida condivise per l’utilizzo dei moss bags e per la gestione dei riscontri ambientali. Ciò sarà realizzato in collaborazione con l’Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e Ricerca Ambientale (I.S.P.R.A.) ed alcune Agenzie Regionali per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale (A.R.P.A.).
The list of dangerous substances drawn up by the European Community includes trace elements such as cadmium, mercury, nickel and lead; monitoring these substances in fresh-waters is considered a priority, as they are persistent in the environment and carcinogenic for man. The threat posed by trace element pollution is relevant for today’s policies and it is in continuous evolution, due to the variety of pollution sources and ways in which people come into contact with the pollutants. Directive 2000/60 of the European Parliament received by Italy with Law n. 152/2006 suggest that, among other factors, trace element bioaccumulation and persistence data ought to be considered when deriving the value of environmental quality standards. Nonetheless, no specific bioaccumulator is included in the list of biological indicators, although bioaccumulation would be the optimal approach for trace elements monitoring, as their concentrations in water are often below the instrumental limit or they rapidly change in space and time. Studies carried out in Italy by the National Research Council (C.N.R.), the European Joint Research Centre (C.C.R.) and the University of Trieste showed the great opportunities offered by fresh-water bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), which are excellent trace element bioaccumulators and may be successfully used to assess latent and intermittent contamination events. These plants can also be easily transplanted: the ‘moss bags’ technique can efficiently characterise such events, enabling the localization of the pollution source. Worldwide, this method is recognised as the best approach, since it is practical, sensible and relatively cheap. However, although bryophytes are regularly employed for biomonitoring purposes in some European Countries, where guidelines have been developed, in Italy their use is at an experimental stage and it is limited to few areas. Our project aims at giving the Italian scientific community, the water-resource administrators and the agencies for environmental protection some guidelines on the use of moss bags and the management of results. The project will be carried out in collaboration with the National Institute for Environmental Protection and Researches and Regional Agencies for Environmental Protection. |
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Mattia Cesa, PhD - Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita - Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri, 10 - I34127 Trieste (Italia) - mattia.cesa@mossbags.it
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