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Biomonitoraggio di elementi in traccia nei corsi d'acqua mediante trapianti di briofite Trace element biomonitoring in water-courses by the use of transplanted bryophytes
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Metodica - Methods
L’accumulo avviene prima mediante adsorbimento, un fenomeno rapido, passivo ed in buona parte reversibile di adesione che si verifica sulla superficie esterna della parete cellulare. Dopo un periodo variabile da qualche ora a qualche giorno vengono attivati sistemi di trasporto attivo, absorbimento, che portano gli elementi all’interno della cellula: gli elementi così immagazzinati sono scarsamente mobilizzabili e determinano un effetto memoria. Poiché in natura la concentrazione degli elementi in acqua e la loro biodisponibilità possono fluttuare enormemente, fra pianta ed acqua si instaura un equilibrio dinamico che oscilla tra fasi di accumulo e di rilascio. Nel momento in cui l’operatore preleva la pianta, interviene in corrispondenza di una di queste fasi, necessariamente sconosciuta, ricavando non tanto una misura oggettiva, bensì un’indicazione della contaminazione. L’utilizzo pionieristico delle briofite acquatiche per il monitoraggio degli elementi in traccia è stato inaugurato nei primi anni ’70 del XX secolo in Belgio, Gran Bretagna e Francia e ad oggi si contano numerosissimi lavori di caratterizzazione di fiumi e torrenti, ma anche studi sulla fisiologia dell’accumulo.
European experts agree in considering bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) the best accumulators for trace element assessment in freshwaters, since these organisms are sedentary and abundant the world over. Moreover, they have a long life-cycle, size allowing their collection all year round, high bioaccumulation factors (10^3 - 10^5), almost exclusively correlated to the concentrations of bioavailable forms in the waters they inhabit, resistance to high concentrations of toxic elements, both in the field and under laboratory conditions. Bryophytes are exceptional accumulators because of the high density of ionic exchange sites on their cell walls, which supply the plant with micro-nutrients directly from the water through its surface, since there is no vascular system of conduction. These exchange sites are neither quantitatively nor qualitatively selective, and are thus unable to distinguish between essential and toxic elements, to which bryophytes are strongly resistant. Accumulation is a two-phase phenomenon: first, a rapid, passive and mostly reversible adsorption occurs on the external surface of the cell wall. Then, after hours or days, active transport mechanisms start the absorption through the cell membrane: elements stored within the cell are slightly exchangeable, so they grant a time-lasting memory effect. Since trace element concentration in water and their bioavailability could rapidly change, a dynamic equilibrium between environment and plant is established, with uptake and release phases. When a plant is sampled, measured concentrations are the result of one of these phases, although which one, is unknown, so we obtain an indication, rather than a measure of the pollution event. During the 1970s the first surveys based on bryophyte samples were carried out in Belgium, Great Britain and France. Today, scientific literature counts numerous papers on the chemical characterization of watercourses by bryophytes, the study of accumulation physiology, etc. Bryophytes sampled during biomonitoring actions may be immediately analysed, or stored in Environmental Specimen Banks: collections of samples, representative of biological specimens, stored for future analysis. The aquatic mosses Platyhypnidium (=Rhynchostegium) riparioides e Fontinalis spp. are successfully used in Galicia (Spain) for this purpose. In the absence of native plants, mosses and liverworts may be easily transferred from a clean site to the survey area inside bags: one can thus establish when a pollution event has occurred, use the preferred sampling density and obtain comparable results, since the same species may be used throughout the study area. Furthermore, transplants have higher accumulation rates than autochthonous plants. The moss bag technique has been successfully adopted in several countries, both for widespread monitoring plans and investigations on specific pollution sources. Submerged moss tufts are collected from an uncontaminated spring where water is always running and deep enough to ensure a total immersion all year round. Moss branches are rinsed to remove organic particles, mud and sand, then they are homogenised. Moss bags containing 20-30 g of moist material are made of a plastic net (fig. 1). An aliquot is preserved to determine pre-exposure concentrations. One or more bags are placed at each biomonitoring station (fig. 2). The exposure time is selected according to the aims of the study: it generally ranges from few days to 4-8 weeks. After exposure, mosses are transported to the laboratory and rinsed for a few seconds in bi-distilled water to remove contaminants non fixed to the cell wall. Apical shoots are selected, dried for 2 days at 40 °C, weighed (100-500 mg) and mineralised through acid digestion. Trace element concentrations are determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results are compared to the reference concentrations for each element to calculate the contamination factor and to quantify environmental alteration.
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Mattia Cesa, PhD - Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita - Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri, 10 - I34127 Trieste (Italia) - mattia.cesa@mossbags.it
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